Problems And Preventions Of Ebola And AIDS :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Infections have happened to extraordinary concern all over the world over the most recent couple of decades. The most widely recognized and the most discussed executioner infection is AIDS, an infection that begins as HIV and afterward continues to create into an invulnerable breaker that eventually executes its human host. Up until now, there is no remedy for AIDS, and most sadly the quantities of passings from AIDS just keeps on developing. Be that as it may, another infection has increased a lot of open and national consideration. That infection is called Ebola. It is imagined that Ebola's impact on people is limited to Zaire, Africa. Infections that murder individuals in huge masses is a significant danger to humanity; the main any desires for wrecking the infections is dependant upon innovation. Helps is a fatal ailment that the vast majority comprehend as an explicitly transmitted ailment. Truth be told, the infection can be transmitted explicitly, yet it can likewise be transmitted through blood transfusions. The way that it tends to be transmitted explicitly causes an extraordinary issue. Ordinary, colossal measures of individuals engage in sexual relations - a few people with various accomplices. Individuals may have less sex than before in view of the danger that the infection presents, yet it has just begun, and can't be halted until a fix is found. In contrast to Ebola, AIDS was not recognized as right on time as one would have trusted. The AIDS infection can remain lethargic for longer than 10 years before it is seen as a genuine issue (Shenon 8). During that decade, the infection can spread out of control. One individual agreements the infection, transmits it to another, furthermore, another, etc. As Shenon clarifies, AIDS got perceived as a genuine issue in the mid seventies and was generally packed in the United States furthermore, in Africa, yet shockingly it arrived at Asia 10 years a short time later. He goes on to clarify that AIDS has spread exponentially in Asia. Thailand, perceived for its expansion of whores and unlawful advancement of sex with youngsters, could be considered answerable for the enormous flare-up of the infection in Asia, clarifies Shenon. He additionally calls attention to that since the infection has just broken out, Asia has the best AIDS avoidance plan on the planet (8). For the present the best avoidance of AIDS that is accessible is instruction and secured sex. Until a fix is found for the savage infection, this is the main methods for avoidance that is accessible to people in general. Ebola is one of the most quickly deadly infections on the planet and is accepted to have started some place in Zaire, Africa (Altman 3). There is no positive clarification with regards to how the infection is

World War II Essays (616 words) - Modern History Of Italy

World War II Essays (616 words) - Modern History Of Italy World War II Michael Dominguez In the asking of the twenty-century a war was seethed against the world. Each nation battled to respect and safeguard it nation. The Triple Entente, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy versus the Allies, Britain, France, and America in a hard and fast universal war. Every region assembled its soldiers and brought their spirits high up in the respect to shield one's country. Germany was the first. They announced war on France. The French not ready to withdraw were at war. Germany now on antagonistic grounds gave Serbia and final offer. Serbia not comprehending what to do acknowledged. England presently is attempting to keep Serbia nonpartisan. Germany currently looking for help to be the best searched out the subsequent best, Austria-Hungary and they acknowledged. Complete war. Germany utilizing a caught scaled down tank, called the whippet, built up a bigger tank. General Ludenorff says the military couldn't extra the men important to assemble these weapons of mass devastation so the undertaking was deserted. Germany built up the fire hurler. A fire hurler was a tank or oil released through a long spout by weight of packed air. Different gases were utilized all through the war. Some considerably more fatal than chlorine, similar to phosgene or mustard gas. The later gases would end up being significantly progressively savage since they didn't consume as chlorine did. A solider would be contaminated with out knowing it. The Austrian Empire has been portrayed as comprising of a tradition of strategy. Of the discretion two incredible examples were Metternich, the Chancellor and Franz Joseph, the Emperor. They were so ruling the primary portion of the nineteenth century was classified The Era of Metternich. Emperors and lords met in Vienna in 1885 to make over the guide of Europe, and the able and the enchanting ambassador help a solid individual impact over the recognized circle. July 28 Austria announces war on Serbia. Austrian-Hungarian region shows that far underneath the northern most boondocks of Serbia in the west. Comprising of territories of Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Dalmatian. In this way Serbia was uncovered on the northern front and the western front. England and France were a long way from beaten. General Alekesi Alkessichich Brusilov had two focal standards upon his arrangement of assault. Suprise and disseperation of the foes saves instead of a full scale assault. In spite of analysis, Brusilov requested four principle assaults on sensibly wide fronts. Brusilov's hostile was propelled on June 4, 1916 in Galica, in a harsh coordination with Italian and British hostile. Introductory Russian achievement was gigantic: almost 200,000 Austrian solider was taken prisoner in the primary week. Russian powers crashed profound into Galica. The Austrian armed force was adequately demolished as a significant battling power. While Russian powers propelled Austrian powers in Romania far into the associated camp. Bruslov's strategies were executed with such achievement that his arrangement was executed over and over. America's first response of the war upon business was sure to be negative. Worldwide exchange was for the second totally upset. American producers discovered a large number of their acclimated remote markets were cut off. Transportation offices were significantly shortened by the exchange of dealer delivery to military use. European stock trade was shut. On July 31, the London stock trade shut. Making the New York stock trade the main significant stock trade open. The proportion of outside trade, from the start ran vigorously against the United States and afterward England. At one time it was seven U.S. dollars to one pound real. At the point when war breaks out regardless of where it is on the planet. Each body is affected by the result. So for what reason would it be a good idea for us to go entertain ourselves with war? What do we achieve by annihilating another's property and life?

Book Report on Last Call The Rise and Fall of Prohibition

Book Report on Last Call The Rise and Fall of Prohibition Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition Dec 23, 2019 in Book Report The Rise of Prohibition In January, 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution became operative. Since that time and till December, 1933 Americans were forbidden to produce, hold or deal out alcoholic beverages. However, Daniel Okrent demonstrates this time in his social work, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, as the culmination of decades of social and political activism by a broad communion of anti-alcoholic citizens. What is more, there is still the echo of these effects in nowadays, both law and social custom, and it is a negative side of disturbing government policy. One may ask: How did this happen and why would Americans restrain their precious right to drink? Okrent gives the sobering answers in his book. The variant of Prohibition the author proposed is not a restriction in its usual way. Okrent makes it into the war made by small-town white Protestants. They felt beleaguered by the forces of change. There were a lot of authors, who described Prohibition, but Okrent proposes an amazingly unique story. This tale shows the way how its proponents united the fears of lots of Americans with legitimate concerns about the immorality of alcohol, to form a movement powerful enough to make corrections to the United States Constitution. Okrent describes the Prohibition era in a narrative and delightful way. He gives a list of the wettest cities, including Baltimore, Chicago, New Orleans, and San Francisco. However, the leader is Detroit, the corrupt metropolis, also known as the city on a still. Illegal alcohol business employed over 50000 people in this city. Surely, politicians or police officers were not involved. That seems very similar to nowadays business. That is why Okrent defies the chance to bond Prohibition to the current political situation. However, the comparison is rather persuasive. The book is full of different stories, which, in their turn, tell about different cities, towns, and even villages. Some of these cities are named and listed; some are not. Okrent has in his writing both wit and historical perspicacity. He shows the revelation of a confluence of diverse forces through the Prohibition: womens suffrage movement gains more political power; native-stock Protestants fear they have lost control over the immigrants of large cities; World War I stocked the anti-German attitudes, and a great range of other factors, which both affect the Prohibition and are affected by it. Okrent avoids political minutiae in his book. At the same time, he pays attention to the illumination of personalities. These factors make story readable. The author compares different facts, which appear in the time he describes, but avoids the comparison between past events of Prohibition and nowadays Drug Wars. It was mentioned above that he denied connecting his story to modern political life. However, even a casual reader can notice his sluggish ideas. Book does not discuss only the questions of Prohibition. It also covers other themes, but in the light of Prohibition. Okrent points out religious questions and prejudice generally, Jewish involvement in illegal liquor distribution, and sales. One man is arrested without any signs, to be suspected, just for his surname and religion. Lots of people could find this book interesting from the very first page. Okrent adds just enough humor and irony to his writing. That makes the book interesting without ruining the main line. The author pays the readers attention to the industrial questions. Wine industry became the most inconsequential player in this fight. At the same time, beer industry and ordinary brewers, due to their German roots, were engaged in internecine warfare. Anyway, it is not the end of the book. There is a continuous struggle of the whole country. The question of Prohibition is still under discussion. Even The Simpsons had the episode, which showed the Prohibitions consequences brightly. Prohibition from Okrents point of view is not only the consequences, but also the struggle, freedom-loving spirit of the nation, its sufferings (not for everybody it was the time of suffering, quite the contrary) and trying to survive both the World and Constitutional War. Conclusion The book, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, is a significant discovery of the period and movements that lead to one of the nations biggest faults. It touches everything the reader expects speakeasies, gangsters, bootleggers. At the same time, it does not dwell on the obvious. Quite the contrary, the emphasis is made on the people and organizations, which formed and then defiled Prohibition. These people manipulated Presidents, Congress and public and fomented anti-immigrant politics and the fear of urbanism. A phenomenal job is made by the author, to bring all his ideas into life. He describes political events and personalities, carefully elucidating their roles in forming of the United States and the development of the country. He uses not the personalities, but their actions in a key historical period, in the chronicles of the republic. People needed more than ten years to understand all the consequences of Prohibition, such as increased lawlessness, corruption, greed and violence. Last Call leaves the reader wondering how long it will take, to stop and understand the consequences of nowadays Drug Wars and other Constitutional changes and amendments. It helps to make a conclusion by oneself, which is not the least of the facts making the book worth of attention.

The Evolutionary Theory Of Suicide - 3173 Words

The Evolutionary Cause of Suicide Seth Baker Shippensburg University Abstract Most knowledge that doesn’t seem to be taught but inherently known comes from passed down genetically from generation to generation. One of which is suicide, which does not seem like something that would help the survival of the people who pass it down but it may be about the greater good. In this paper I discuss the evolutionary benefits of suicide for the human population. These include such things as strengthening the will to live in those that survive less competition for resources, and support from those who went through the suffering, and that maybe suicide is a remnant of the survival of the fittest biological drive that propelled humans foreward. In this literature review the following will be discussed, is suicide an evolutionary trait, what â€Å"good† it might have done for the human race, and are the benefits still viable or has it become a vestigial evolutionary characteristic. In Why: The Neuroscience Of Suicide Carol Ezzell talks about her experience of losing her mother from suicide. She talks about the struggle and shock, the pain it caused her father and the rest of her family. She talks about her mother’s struggle with Bipolar disorder. That most people who commit suicide are sufferers of mental disorders and that along with this she brings up when she believes is the cause of suicide. Carol Ezzell believes it is a biologicalShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Mental illnesses have evolved because it gives an advantage of fitness to the individual† How far1300 Words   |  6 Pagesat a disadvantage to fitness to the individual. Introduction: Social risk hypothesis: There are many hypotheses and models which study evolutionary theory and its relevance to depression. One example is the social risk hypothesis formulated by Allen and Baddock (2003) whom suggests that mild to moderate depression serves as an adaptive purpose in our evolutionary history; the idea being that depression brings about a risk- averse strategy which avoids exclusion from a social group which would offerRead MoreThe Significance Of Emotions And Moods973 Words   |  4 Pageshave a high negative affect, a high positive affect, a low positive affect or a low negative affect (Robbins Judge, 2009). Evolutionary Psychology and Affect Events theory are two important concepts to fully understand how important Emotions and Moods are, especially in my personal career field as a military policewoman. Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Psychology as defined by Robins and Judge, is â€Å"an area of inquiry which argues that we must experience the emotions we do becauseRead MoreEssay on The Religious Terrorist1509 Words   |  7 Pageseffect is a theory explained by Ariel Glucklich. The theory explains that the love for one’s faith and group is so strong that violence is the result. One would do whatever it takes to obtain such a love and desire for their religion. Along with this idea is that humans are susceptible to what society preaches versus what it says in the books. Therefore, it is the social aspect of religion that is really causing the violence, not the doctrinal view (Gibson, 2). Evolutionary Psychology, Suicide BombersRead MoreMajor Types Of Major Depressive Disorder1112 Words   |  5 Pagesdisabling condition that adversely affects a person s family, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. In the United States, around 3.4% of people with major depression commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder. Suicide is characterized by a few things: the treatment for the symptoms, how the symptoms affects daily life Typically, people are treated with antidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receive counselingRead MoreThemes And Explanations Of Tasmania s Museum Of Old And New Art s New Exhibit The Red Queen1331 Words   |  6 PagesTHEORY ASSIGNMENT 2 AMY WHITE THE RED QUEEN EXHIBTION MONA â€Å"DELUXE SUICIDE SERVICE† By artist Meghan Broody â€Æ' â€Å"IF I HAD A WORLD OF MY OWN, EVERYTHING WOULD BE NONSENSE. NOTHING WOULD BE WHAT IT IS, BECAUSE EVERYTHING WOULD BE WHAT IT ISN T. AND CONTRARY WISE, WHAT IS, IT WOULDN T BE. AND WHAT IT WOULDN T BE, IT WOULD. YOU SEE?† ALICE - LEWIS CARROL (ALICE S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS QUOTES, N.D.) This essay will explore the themes and explanations of Tasmania’sRead MoreThe Theme of Fatalism in Antigone1032 Words   |  4 Pageswould result in his own misfortune but Antigone had already committed suicide. The fact that Creon freed Antigone under the fear that the prophet will prove right and he will die further reinstates the fatalistic nature of the story. Fully aware of her death, Antigone committed suicide as she lost hope in a twist of fate. Creons son committed suicide after knowing Antigone’s death before Creons wife, Eurydice, committed suicide due to immense sorrow brought by the loss of her son. Even if these charactersRead MoreEssay about The Sociological Framework of Harriet Martineau1007 Words   |  5 Pagesframework of classical sociological theory, numerous sources, including Ritzer, investigate this brave new world of unified science and empirical foundation. They are moving amidst the theory park of speculative philosophical systems in sociology and yet they are turning to theoretical applications such as elementarist, holistic, and interactionist approaches. This technique is employed in order to make classical social theory more meaningful and to better engage theory with useful research (SandywellRead MoreSociology as a Perspective 1332 Words   |  6 Pagescontributes to economic growth as it produces human labour thereby maintaining capitalism (Marsh 1996). Family impacts an individual’s lifestyle, norms, values and also shape’s their primary socialisation. The educational system imposes ideas and theories to students, for them to better understand and critique issues involved in their field of study. Educational institutes teach students to interact with their peers who might have different socio-economic backgrounds, communication skills and eachRead Morecompare two theories of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept1096 Words   |  5 Pageswill compare two theories of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept. The theories which I will be focused on are Bowlby’s and Harter’s. Bowlby theory Bowlby worked for many years as a child psychoanalyst so was clearly very influenced by Freud’s theories and child development. However, he also liked the work of Lorenz on the innate nature of bonds through imprinting and combined these two very different ideas to produce his own evolutionary theory of attachments. Read MoreThe Impacts of the Emergence of Sociology on the Works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber1057 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough reform because they feared socialism more than they feared capitalism. The main influence on Emile Durkheim’s work was industrialisation, i.e. the development of the modern world characterised by industrialisation. He used Darwin’s evolutionary theory to describe the situation, hence, the more alike two organisms are the greater the combat for resources will be. Because of urbanisation, there was an increase in moral density resulting in greater competition for resources and jobs. Furthermore

The Causes Of The Boston Massacre - 1211 Words

The first English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 160, with dreams of wealth and social prominence. Throughout the centuries, British colonists in North America took immense pride in the British Empire and the colonial upper class was even known to spend large amounts trying to emulate upper class English fashion and lifestyle. The colonies and its motherland shared this strong relationship until the 1760’s and the Seven Year war which was followed by years of civil unrest. One such example of unrest was the Boston massacre, which many view as the beginning of the end of British-colonial relations. The question is were the colonists killed â€Å"victims to the murderous rage of Wicked men† thus making the title†¦show more content†¦Much of Anger throughout North America came from those who were at best minimally impacted by the taxes, in fact most of the angry citizens in Boston worked part-time jobs or were even unemployed. The s ugar tax as well as the Stamp act, which put taxes on commercial and legal paper, hardly an important commodity of the lower or middle class, would not have affected them in proportion to their anger. Those that would benefit from the anger and opposition of these groups are the ones that the tax effects the most in the colonies, the upper class as well as those â€Å"Representatives from across North America [who] began to gather together in inter-colonial meetings, seeing for the first time their shared interests.† This â€Å"shared interest† was no doubt in increasing their hurt revenues through opposition to British rule. This was done by making the colonists place all their misfortunes and anger upon England until â€Å"demonstrations and riots were almost regular features of the colonists’ lives† (background, 82). Demonstrations done with â€Å"restrained, ritualized, often theatrical violence† and â€Å"carefully calibrated conduct† p roved to be tactical moves crucial toShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Boston Massacre1459 Words   |  6 PagesBritish soldiers stationed in Boston Massachusetts. The massacre happened on March 5, between the British troops and a crowd in Boston. In the evening of that day, tension would reach a bloody and dangours point resulting in what has been named The Boston Massacre which had also been called the â€Å"Incident on King Street† by the British. This incident would turn out to be one of the major events leading to the American Revolution. The story about how the Boston Massacre happened always is differentRead MoreBoston Massacre A Turning Point Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesevents in history have been called â€Å"massacres†. They often resulted in hundreds of deaths, such as the slaughter of natives that came with the colonization of the Americas. Yet one of the most famous and significant massacres in American history resulted in only a handful of deaths. On May fifth, 1775, a mob of colonists attacked a patrol of nine British soldiers, who then fired upon the mob. Five colonists were killed, and six others injured (â€Å"Boston Massacre†). Preserved in an engraving by PaulRead MoreBoston Massacre Propaganda Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesWas the Boston Massacre used as propaganda after event took place? The Massacre occurred in 1770 on the night of March 5. The event resulted in the British army shooting and killing 5 men while under attack by a so called â€Å"mob†. The shootings took place right outside of The Old State House. Eight shooters were arrested, but soon after their trials it came down to only two of the six to be convicted of manslaughter. This led to colonial leaders like Paul Revere and Samuel Adams publicizing the eventRead More The Boston Massacre and Other Contributing Factors of the Revolutionary War1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe Boston Massacre and Other Contributing Factors of the Revolutionary War The Boston Massacre was not the only cause of the Revolutionary War. There were many events before and after that also contributed to the start of this war. They were the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Act, Quartering Act, Tea Act, the Boston Tea Party, and Coercive Acts. One of the first taxes put on the colonies by Britain was the Sugar Act. The Sugar Act of 1764 was to raise money to help ParliamentRead MoreA Massacre or a Riot? Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesWas the Boston Massacre really a massacre? In history, there are many events where the exact occurrences are not clear. The Boston Massacre, which took place on the evening of March 5, 1770, was absolutely no exception. Evidence is spotty, details can be lacking, and testimonies are often told from a personal and bias perspective. Determining the bias of each testimony is key to learning the motivations behind each witness, which in turn is key in deciphering the actual events of the Boston MassacreRead MoreThe Battle Of Saratoga And Indian War981 Words   |  4 Pagesnewly acquired trade they won from the French. The British didn’t anticipate the Indians to keep fighting. The British had to surrender cause they were out of resources. They surrendered by signing the Proclomation of 1763. Do you know who passed the Sugar Act? The British passed the sugar act in 1763 to pay off their war debt. The colonist are upset cause they believe they had not started the war with the French and Indians. Colonist felt like they had no representation in parliament. Read MoreThe War Of The American Revolutionary War1104 Words   |  5 Pageslate 18th century America had its contentions with the British which led to the American Revolutionary war. Some of these contentions were; The Boston Massacre, The Boston Tea Party, and The Declaration of Independence. These events were the cause of the establishing of a new free country called The United States of America. The first troops came to Boston in October 1868 from that point on the colonists (which were Americans) were not happy with them because of the corrupted mischief that took placeRead MoreBoston Massacre Essay Outline1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Boston Massacre occurred in the evening of The Boston Massacre began with a few colonists throwing snowballs at a soldier outside the Custom House in Boston, Massachusetts. (Text, 155) The argument began to escalate as more colonists gathered. Captain Thomas Preston arrived with a number of soldiers to maintain order. (Text, 155) Captain Preston tried to get the crowd to disperse; however, the crowd continued to throw snowballs, stones, and sticks at the British soldiers. Then one of the soldiersRead MoreAmerican Revolution - Summary Essay example939 Words   |  4 Pagesand they violently protested the Act. 1766- The Stamp Act is repealed. 1768- British troops arrive in Boston to enforce laws. 1770- Four workers are shot by British troops stationed in Boston. The American Patriots labeled the killings The Boston Massacre. 1773- Massachusetts patriots dressed as Mohawk Indians protest the British Tea Act by dumping crates of tea into the Boston Harbor. The British Tea Act was when the British increased the taxes on tea that were shipped to the coloniesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Boston Massacre 923 Words   |  4 Pages After watching the John Adams movie, I had a better understanding about what happened in Boston, Massachusetts in the eighteenth century that showed the crisis between British and Americans, which later led to the American Revolution. The movie was about John Adams, who was an ambitious lawyer in Boston and defended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre. In the Boston Massacre, eight British soldiers were accused of killing five Americans. This event reflected the tension between British

High Remarks for Hybrid Cars Free Essays

QUESTION: Describe the different types of hybrid cars and how they are improving fuel efficiency. What are other pros and cons of driving a hybrid? —————————————————————————————————- High Remarks for Hybrid Cars It is no secret that one of the most popular trends in today’s society is â€Å"going green† to help the economy, save the world, and so on. It is also no secret that gasoline prices have steadily increased over the years, and four dollars a gallon does not exactly agree with our wallets. We will write a custom essay sample on High Remarks for Hybrid Cars or any similar topic only for you Order Now In an effort to â€Å"go green† and save money on gasoline, hybrid cars have recently become a great option for those interested in getting high gas mileage and saving lots of money†¦ or so they think. Although hybrid cars have high gas mileage and extend the time between visits to the pump, reviewing the raw facts about hybrid cars while asking the question â€Å"Do hybrid cars seem like a money-saving solution? † is a wise decision. While there are many different kinds of hybrid cars, they all share one common trait: a traditional, gasoline-powered motor and a new electric, battery-powered motor are both found within the vehicles. These vehicles use both motors at different times when on the go: the electric motor powers the vehicle when going less than 40 miles per hour, while the gas motor powers the vehicle at speeds greater than 40 miles per hour. While the functions of both motors may seem unimportant to some, consider stop-and-go rush hour traffic. Not only does the electric motor reduce smog levels due to its exhaust-free trait, but it also helps to save gasoline that is wasted when frequently pressing the accelerator. Another plausible scenario to consider is living in a small town where the speed limit rarely exceeds 40 miles per hour; traveling through these towns on electric energy can save gallons of gas, giving our wallets time to become more plump between each visit to the pump. The efficiency of hybrids are found in the vehicles’ aero dynamics, weight reduction, and less powerful gas engine, making hybrid cars the most gasoline efficient vehicles on the market; these vehicles get an outstanding average of 48 to 60 miles per gallon. Although hybrid cars seem like the most logical way to go, a closer look at the cons of these vehicles can make anyone think twice. Because hybrids have both a gasoline-powered motor and a battery-powered motor, they are more likely to break down or malfunction due to the complexity of the system as a whole. These malfunctions can easily put the vehicle in an auto shop, causing an inconvenience on our schedules and our wallets. While hybrid cars do save gas when caught in stop-and-go traffic or driving through low-speed areas, the total savings aren’t exactly tremendous. Comparing a Honda Insight (hybrid car) and a Honda Civic (regular car), the annual difference between the fuel bills is only $230. While this may seem like a decent amount to save each year, take a closer look at the price of the two cars. Because hybrid cars are new, popular, and â€Å"money savers† (such as the Honda Insight), they costs a significant amount more than the standard cars equipped for saving gas (such as the Honda Civic); hybrid cars range from about $19,000 to $25,000, while gas-saving cars range from $14,000 to $17,000. People purchase these cars because the companies who sell them claim to save the consumers a fortune in gasoline expenses, however this doesn’t seem to be the case when closely looking at these numbers. Over a ten year time period, a hybrid car would save approximately $2,300 in fuel expenses, but this amount of money fails to cover the payment difference for the car itself as opposed to a regular, strictly gasoline car (the difference between the cars being anywhere from $5,000 to $8,000). Hybrid cars also claim to get anywhere from 48 to 60 miles per gallon, which is a plus. However, this gas mileage is only about 20% to 35% better than a gas saving vehicle; gas saving vehicles, such as the Honda Civic, still get a decent average of 36 miles per gallon. After reviewing the price difference between the hybrid and a gas saving vehicle, the inability of the hybrid to replenish the money difference between itself and gas saving vehicles, the small amount of savings the hybrid annually provides at the pump, and the minuscule difference between gas mileage, an answer shouldn’t be difficult to reach: Do hybrid cars seem like a money-saving solution? How to cite High Remarks for Hybrid Cars, Essay examples

Silent Film and Music Essay Example For Students

Silent Film and Music Essay Describe the three basic types of music heard in original scores during the silent film era and cites specific examples from The Birth of a Nation. (10 points) The three basic types of music heard in original scores during the silent film era are Adaptations of Classics, Arrangements of tunes, and newly composed music. In most cases, adaptation of classics involves action and dramatic scenes. It is borrowing a large amount of an already existing composition for use in film score. In The Birth of a Nation, Mozart music was used for the ending of the movie and also in the scene that showed Lincoln assassination. The main use of classical work is during a tense, apprehensive, action or violent moment. Arrangements of tunes are mainly used to set moods, bring out emotions or to create an outlook. The musician, Joseph Brail, included tunes in The Birth of a Nation, such as Maryland and Dixie, to create a sense of brighter, less tense feel. The third type of music that is heard in original scores is new music. New music is original in the sense that it is not borrowed or taken from anywhere else. It is created for the film. D. W Griffith uses the music to represent the theme and the aspect of the story and to alter the themes. Griffith also uses new music to reflect changes that are taking place in the story. 1. Describe the three basic types of music heard in original scores during the silent film era and cites specific examples from The Birth of a Nation. (10 points) Silent Film and Music By simooms uses new music to reflect changes that are taking place in the story. Already existing composition for use in film score. In The Birth of a Nation, Mozart music was used for the ending of the movie and also in the scene that showed Lincoln assassination. The main use of classical work is during a tense, apprehensive, action r violent moment. Arrangements of tunes are mainly used to set moods, bring out emotions or to create an outlook. The musician, Joseph Brail, included tunes in The Birth of a Nation, such as Maryland and Dixie, to create a sense of brighter, less tense feel. The third type of music that is heard in original scores is new music. New music is original in the sense that it is not borrowed or taken from anywhere else. It is created for the film. D. W Griffith uses the music to represent the theme and the aspect of the story and to alter the themes. Griffith also uses new music to reflect hanged that are taking place in the story. Already existing composition for use in film score. In The Birth of a Nation, Mozart music was used for the ending of the movie and also in the scene that showed Lincoln assassination. The main use of classical work is during a tense, apprehensive, action or violent moment. Arrangements of tunes are mainly used to set moods, bring out emotions or to create an outlook. The musicia n, Joseph Brail, included tunes in The Birth of a Nation, such as Maryland and Dixie, to create a sense of brighter, less tense feel. The third type of music that s heard in original scores is new music. New music is original in the sense that it is not borrowed or taken from anywhere else. It is created for the film. D. W Griffith uses Griffith also uses new music to reflect changes that are taking place in the story. Already existing composition for use in film score. In The Birth of a Nation, Mozart music was used for the ending of the movie and also in the scene that showed Lincoln assassination. The main use of classical work is during a tense, uses new music to reflect changes that are taking place in the story. Already existing changes that are taking place in the story.

Financial Case Polo Ralph Lauran Essay Example

Financial Case Polo Ralph Lauran Paper The results show that RL is managing its balance sheet very well; especially in he categories of profitability, capital efficiency, liquidity and financial leverage. The results also show that Rills operations are running proficiently when viewing the CARR, Debt/Asset Ratio, and Gross Profit Margin results. Two areas were highlighted as chances to Improve the overall productivity of the company and should be addressed accordingly. The areas include liquidity (quick ratio) and market valuation (market perception based on Price per Earning PIE). Once these areas were improved, the company will not have any significant risks to be concerned about. By 2013, Rills ability to quickly use their cash and convert other current assets into cash has decreased by 13. 4%, which might put their ability to fulfill their short-term obligations and debts In risk. However, RL Is still at top of peers In this area. During the same year, PIE ratio of RL has decreased by 24%, which Indicates that the market has poor expectation of the companys future earning. RL depends on department stores in selling their products especially in the US and Canada, which gives them little influence on what these department stores buy and offer their customers, or how they display their products. Also, department stores may force RL to merchandise at lower prices to Increase their margin, which consequently effect Rills Background Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation (RL) was founded by an American designer Ralph Lauren in 1967 and currently centered in New York. The company grew magnificently in the sass and has become one of the best-known sophisticated designs in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Case Polo Ralph Lauran specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Case Polo Ralph Lauran specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Case Polo Ralph Lauran specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The company currently sells a huge collection of products including fragrances and accessories for men and women, clothing for young boys and infants, and a variety of housewives, shoes, furs, Jewelry, leather goods, hats, and year. (Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation, 2014) Adding to its success Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation (RL) now runs a line of restaurants as well. According to outside analysts offering 12-month price targets, Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation has a median target of $176. 50 per share, with a high estimate of $210. 00 and a low estimate of $148. 00. Outside analysts are now estimating an average post of $8. 77 earnings per share for Ralph Lauren Corp. in the current fiscal year. Ralph Lauren Corpss revenue now boosted to 13. 6% compared to the same quarter last year. (WAKE News Analysis report, 2014). As the newly assigned SCOFF of Ralph Lauren Corpss, I have enfolded a comprehensive financial analysis of our company to give us an overall understanding on the performance and the health of our company. Such analysis will help us identify the areas that are performing well and determine areas that require improvements and more attention. The findings of this report will be used as a strategy to improve our company and help our business be at the cutting edge; hence ensure that our products and services remain up to date and meet the constant change in consumers and investors demands. Figure Current Company forecast by external analysts Analysis In order to support my conclusions and recommendations, the analysis part below contains a detailed comparison of the financial metric between Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation (RL) and its peers Barometric Fitch Company (NAP), Reportable, INC. (ROAR), and GAP, INC. GAPS). I have conducted a financial performance analysis using the following ratio classifications: profitability, capital efficiency, liquidity, financial leverage management, market valuation, and a 3-year DuPont Analysis of RL during the period of 2011 through 2013, in compare to its peers in the same retail industry. Profitability The Revenue Analysis graph shows the revenues of Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation (RL) in compare to our three main competitor companies within the retail industry, Barometric Fitch Company Class A (NAP), Reportable, INC. (ROAR), and GAP, INC. (GAPS). Figure 3-year Revenue comparison Figure Compound Annual Growth Rate Figure 2 shows a line chart comparing the revenues of the four companies from the financial year of 2011 to 2013. As seen in figure 2, the revenue of RL has increased by 21% in 2012 and continues to increase slowly in 2013. The rise in revenues could be result of the companys high margins on its various brands, especially in the Collection brands. (Trifles, 2014) Also, wholesale revenues have increased by 14% to reach $840 million, as a result of the companys strong performance in North American and European operations. Trifles, 2014) On the other hand, GAP, INC. Has considerably high revenues compared to the other three companies. Most of Gaps products are made with cotton, which prices have begun to recede recently. However, this made Gaps clothing relatively cheap and affordable and helped the company increases its profit margins. Barometric Fitch Co. s (NAP) and Reportable, Inc. s, (ROAR), stock seem to have l ost their appeal for investors, especially since the brands are no longer as popular as they were back in the ass, which explain the flat lines in their revenues in the period of 2011 through 2013. Figure 3 shows the Compound Annual growth rate in percentages for the four companies. RL has a growth rate of 10. 8 %, which is highest among the competitors. The high growth rate could be due to Rills recent enhancements in the retail channel by opening more stores and serving more countries through the e-commerce channel. (Trifles, 2014) Analysis for Gross Profit The gross profit comparison shown in Figure 4 illustrates how efficiently companies use labor and supplies in the production and distribution. This indicates that GAP, INC uses its resources more efficiently compared to RL. However, Ralph Laurels gross profit in 2012 grew belly 5. 5%, mainly driven by better channel and product mix. Revenue and Profitability health. It also counts as a source for paying additional expenses and future savings. Without a sufficient gross margin, the company will suffer in paying its expenses, therefore wont have the opportunity to expand in the future. In general, the higher he profit margin, the better the company performance. (Investigated). Figure 5 shows the 3-Year gross profit margin for the four companies. As we can see the profitability of RL is considerably high in a constant level, rising slightly in 2013. Which indicates that RL has performed well and is a healthy and sustainable corporation, coming in second to Barometric Fitch Co. s (NAP) and faring far better when compared to three other competitors. Capital Efficiency Return on Assets The return on Assets is an indicator of how profitable a company is in relation to its overall resources (total assets). ROAR shows the investors how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. (Investigated). The return on Assets for the four companies is shown in Figure 6. RL comes second to GAP, INC in showing continuous improvements year after year, which indicates that they are both using their assets better each year. Return on Equity ROE validates a companys ability to generate profits from shareholders equity. A company of high return on equity is more capable of generating cash internally. (Investing for Beginners). Figure Return On Equity The return on equity comparison seen in Figure 7 shows that Rills ROE rises by 8. % from 2011 to 2012 with a slight increase in 2013. This indicates that Rills management is doing an excellent Job in generating a return from shareholders investments. With 42. 2% ROE rate, GAP, INC recorded the highest return on equity rate the retail industry. Barometric Fitch Co. s (NAP) seems to have a stable ROE with a slight decrease during 2013. Reportable, Inc. On the other hand, shows a significant drop in the ROE, which is an indication off major weakness within the corporation. ROE is further analyzed through DuPont model at the end of this report. Quick Ratio Quick ratio measures the ability of a company to use their cash and other current assets that are convertible into cash in order to fulfill the short-term obligations of the organization. The higher the quick ratio is, the better the companys liquidity position (Accounting-simplifier) Figure Quick Ratio Comparison The quick ratio comparison seen in Figure 8 shows that Rills ability to use its cash and current assets paying its debts is decreasing by 13. 4% from 2011 to 2013. However, the quick ratio rate of RL is much higher than its competitors and at the same time higher than the ideal quick ratio rate, which is 1:1. This indicates that we have enough current assets to pay our short-term debt. Financial Leverage Debt to Assets ratio Total debt to total assets is a leverage ratio that states the total amount of debt the company owes in compare to its assets. If the ratio is less than one, it indicates that most of the companys assets are funded through equity. If the ratio is greater than one, then most of the companys assets are funded through debt. (Investor words). As seen from the debt-asset ratio chart shown in Figure 9, all retail companies have a ratio less than 1, which indicates that all the assets of the companies are not funded through debts. The ratio of RL has been decreasing gradually from 2011 onwards. It is preferable to have a lower debt to assets ratio to insure that the companys flow of cash and borrowing will not be held back. Reportable, Inc. Has a dramatic increase in their debt to asset ratio, which indicates that the company started to be funded through debt. Barometric Fitch Co. s has a stable and flat line throughout the period of 2011 to 2013. GAP, INC has the highest ratio among competitors. Market Valuation Price to Earnings ratio Figure PIE Ratio comparison PIE is a financial metric that measures the attractiveness of a companys stock price ND determines if a stock is trading on an investment. In general, a high PIE implies that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future compared to As seen in Figure 10, PIE ratio of RL falls by 24% throughout the period of 2011 to 2013. Barometric Fitch Co. Tend to have a high PIE ratio in 2011 followed by a drastic decrease by 64% and manage to recover to reach out to 49. 32 % PIE rate in 2013. On the other hand, the rate of price per earning of Reportable, Inc. Has decreased radically between 2012 and 2013, which indicates that investors are expecting poor future earnings for the company. GAP, INC has a relatively low and yet slowly increasing PIE rate. DuPont Analysis Measures 2011 2012 2013 Profit Margin 10. 04% 9. 93% 10. 80% Assets turnover 1. 14 1. 27 1. 28 Fin Leverage 1. 51 1. 48 1. 43 ROE DuPont model Check (%) 17. 19% 18. 65% 19. 82% The above table is a deeper analysis of ROE for RL for the period between 2011-2013. By dividing return on equity of a company into three parts, The DuPont Analysis helps locate the part of the company that is underperforming, and therefore facilitate addressing this issue. The slight decrease in Rills profit margin during 2012 could be he result of our plan to expand by opening new stores in several locations worldwide. However, our profit margin has Jumped to 10. 80% in 2013. Assets turnover ratio has been slightly increasing through 2011 to 2013, which indicates that RL is capable of quickly turning over its asset through sales. And finally, the financial leverage shows that the companys liabilities are decreasing. Summary of results ranked in the financial performance per category. The scorecard of green specifies areas of strength with respect to being in the middle or on the upper end of the peer roof. The scorecard of Lime Green also meant in some cases that the trend line is increasing in the right direction. The scorecard used yellow to indicate average performance or an indication of a trend line starting to decrease. The color Red is a signal of being at the bottom of the peer scores and/or if there was a major concern with a continued decreasing performance. Conclusions and Recommendations Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation competes in a very competitive industry, with a high rivalry rate. Although some competitors are bigger and have more resources than RL, et RL managed to establish a well-recognized and popular brand name in the fashion industry. The peer group financial performance analysis shows that under the current difficult economic situation, Ralph Lauren Corporation has a pretty optimistic overall financial performance. To specify, RL is managing its balance sheet very well in the categories of Profitability, Capital Efficiency, and Financial Leverage. The only areas of concern are liquidity (quick ratio) and Market Valuation. Our ability to use our cash and convert other current assets into cash has decreased by 13. 4% in 013, which means that we might find it difficult to meet our short-term obligations and debts. Nonetheless, we are still at top of peers in this area. The PIE ratio shows how the market perceives our company in compare with the peer group. RL has a median PIE rate however it is gradually decreasing which indicates that investors dont have high expectations on our future earnings. This forecasts a future risk regarding the market perception of RL as not being viewed as outperforming its peer group for growth. In order to address this concern, I recommend setting up a meeting with the executive management including the product strategy and

Silicon vs. Silicone

Silicon vs. Silicone Silicon vs. Silicone Silicon vs. Silicone By Maeve Maddox A reader has observed confusion between the words silicon and silicone and has asked for a post to illustrate the difference. Silicon (chemical symbol Si) is a non-metallic element that ranks next to oxygen in respect of abundance in the ground. Silicone is a chemical compound that contains silicon. The teeny plates that contain a set of electronic circuits are usually made of silicon. Because so many silicon chip manufacturers located their facilities in the Santa Clara Valley south of San Francisco, the area came to be known as â€Å"Silicon Valley.† Silicone has a great many different applications for everything from breast implants to spacecraft assembly. It’s used in the manufacture of textiles, paint, cosmetics, and cookware with non-stick surfaces. Here are some examples from the Web in which the words appear to be unintentionally reversed: Plan your busy social life with this fun planner from the Silicone Valley collection.  - a stationery site. Social Media Goes to Washington - Obama Heads to Silicone Valley - a news site. Some years ago, when silicon baking wares came out, I jumped on them with glee.  - a personal blog. Sometimes, the â€Å"error† is deliberate. For example, an episode of the television series Botched is called â€Å"Silicone Valley.† It’s about a woman who has had numerous plastic surgeries with horrific results. An article in Newsweek is headed â€Å"Home: It’s Silicone Valley.† The article is about silicone cookware. A car wash located in Miami, Florida is called â€Å"Silicone Valley Car Wash.† Silicone is an ingredient in some car waxes. If you are referring to the element, the valley, or computer chips, spell the word silicon. For products or applications, spell it silicone. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsNeither... or?

CAREER RESEARCH PAPER 10TH GRADE LEVEL TOPIC CHOOSEN IS ZOOLOGIST

CAREER 10TH GRADE LEVEL TOPIC CHOOSEN IS ZOOLOGIST - Research Paper Example The study originated in the work of a number of writers and theorists. Like a number of contemporary subjects of knowledge such as ethics, Aristotle is regarded as one of the first thinkers to distinguish the study of animals as a distinct subject of investigation. Other early thinkers include Al-Jahizz in Asian, whose Book of Animals is regarded as a precursor to Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution. However, it wasn’t until 16th century Europe that zoology became an official scientific field of investigation. The science progressed at a gradual rate until the 19th century when the investigation of the microscope and Darwin released the Origin of the Species, which detailed his theory of natural selection, that the study of zoology was truly revolutionized. (Hickman 2007) Today zoology as a variety of subfields and types of scientific investigation. One of the main roles of the science of zoology is that of developing systems of classification for animals. This is referred to as morphography. Other subfields include the fields of comparative anatomy, which studies the anatomy of animals in relation to other animals; descriptive zoography, which investigates animals and their behavior; molecular biology is greatly concerned with the internal biological and evolutionary functions of animals and is close in contact to the study of evolutionary biology; and paleontology is the study of prehistoric life. While these subfields of zoology cover a broad spectrum of the scientific field, they are no means comprehensive, as the study of zoology is a diverse and complex as the very animals that the function to investigate. (Hickman 2007) One of the most famous zoologists in recent times and one of the individuals I am most interested in is Steve Irwin the ‘Crocodile Hunter’. While Irwin gained famed for his television show where he daringly confronted dangerous animals, he was also a

Suicidal Risk Factors for Older Adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Suicidal Risk Factors for Older Adults - Essay Example 72). Even though variables within psychological, physical, and public domains have been related to completed suicide in older adults, â€Å"controlled studies are necessary to test hypothesized risk factors† (Stimming & Stimming, 1999, p. 98). Poor health as well as functional impairment raises risk, but their control seems to be mediated by dejection. Older adults who take their own lives are hardly ever stimulated by irritation or vengeance; rather, they usually just try to find the release in the form of death as an â€Å"escape from emotional and physical pain† (Ford, 2010, p. 22). Suicide in later life seldom seems to be a result of ambivalence or transmitted anger. It is argued that older adults are â€Å"less conflicted, more direct, and more aware of the reasons for ending their lives† (Ford, 2010, p. 23). Feelings of deficiency, insignificance and guiltiness, depression and misery are a few of the reasons why individuals with dejection come to believe that suicide is a practical solution. In addition, there are a number of factors that raise the risk for dejection among older adults, for instance, persistent disease, physical disability, loss, social seclusion, and failure of social functions and ties (Marcovitz, 2010). Recklessness and self-damage are both thought to be prognostic of suicide though this link has been more strongly developed with younger adults and adolescents. For example, one study, investigated attempted suicide between 17 and 65 year old members and found that â€Å"half had thought about it for 10 minutes or less before engaging in suicide-related behavior† (Leo, 2001, p. 32). Official suicide figures recognize older adults as a high-threat group. In 2010, it was noted that older adults consisted of 15 percent of the U.S. population, yet constitute 22 percent of its suicides. Among older people, there are between two

Nine Characteristics Of Policy Making Social Work Essay

Nine Characteristics Of Policy Making Social Work Essay Introduction Ever since the report of Sir William Beveridge The Social Insurance and Allied Services report was published at the end of 1942 has been seen as the cornerstone of the Welfare State as it indentified that national insurance contributions would insure that the state would provided social security so that the population would be protected from the cradle to the grave. This was the ideological aim by Beveridge to improve productivity our standing in the global market at a time when the world had be financially damaged by the conflict that occurred during World War 2. This report was the basis of welfare support by the state and the end of the poor law This essay will be looking at the Welfare Reform act introduced by the coalition government and the implied changes of the reform in which the transition of the population being protected by the state from cradle to grave towards a change the under the statement on the DWP website to make the benefits and tax credit systems fairer and simpler by: Creating the right incentives to get more people into work Protecting the most vulnerable in our society Delivering fairness to those claiming benefit and to the taxpayer. This essay will examine as to whether or not these changes to the welfare act has signalled a change in the direction for anti-poverty policies or whether these changes have already been coming and if the reform has highlighted and presented a change of direction in anti poverty polices in a more public light. It can be said that the impact of the global credit crunch and subsequent recession has played a contributory part in the changes that are taking place and has possibly garnered more public support in light of the squeeze that the recession has caused on the purses of working households. Seventy years ago, with Britain locked in battle against the armies of Nazi Germany, one of the most brilliant public servants of his generation was hard at work on a report that would change our national life for ever. Invited by Churchills government to consider the issue of welfare once victory was won, Sir William Beveridge set out to slay the five giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. When his report was published at the end of 1942, it became the cornerstone of a welfare state that supported its citizens from cradle to grave, banishing the poverty and starvation of the Depression, and laying the foundations for the great post-war boom. For years the welfare state was one of the glories of Britains democratic landscape, a monument to the generosity and decency of human nature, offering a hand up to those unlucky enough to be born at the bottom. Nine characteristics of Policy Making FORWARD LOOKING The policy-making process clearly defines outcomes that the policy is designed to achieve and, where appropriate, takes a long-term view based on statistical trends and informed predictions of social, political, economic and cultural trends, for at least five years into the future of the likely effect and impact of the policy. The following points demonstrate a forward looking approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A statement of intended outcomes is prepared at an early stage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Contingency or scenario planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Taking into account the Governments long term strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of DTIs Foresight programme and/or other forecasting work OUTWARD LOOKING The policy-making process takes account of influencing factors in the national, European and international situation; draws on experience in other countries; considers how policy will be communicated with the public. The following points demonstrate an outward looking approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Makes use of OECD, EU mechanisms etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Looks at how other countries dealt with the issue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recognises regional variation within England à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communications/presentation strategy prepared and implemented INNOVATIVE, FLEXIBLE AND CREATIVE The policy-making process is flexible and innovative, questioning established ways of dealing with things, encouraging new and creative ideas; and where appropriate, making established ways work better. Wherever possible, the process is open to comments and suggestions of others. Risks are identified and actively managed. The following points demonstrate an innovative, flexible and creative approach: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Uses alternatives to the usual ways of working (brainstorming sessions etc) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Defines success in terms of outcomes already identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consciously assesses and manages risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Takes steps to create management structures which promote new ideas and effective team working à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brings in people from outside into policy team EVIDENCE-BASED The advice and decisions of policy makers are based upon the best available evidence from a wide range of sources; all key stakeholders are involved at an early stage and throughout the policys development. All relevant evidence, including that from specialists, is available in an accessible and meaningful form to policy makers. Key points of an evidence based approach to policy-making include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reviews existing research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commissions new research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults relevant experts and/or used internal and external consultants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Considers a range of properly costed and appraised options INCLUSIVE The policy-making process takes account of the impact on and/or meets the needs of all people directly or indirectly affected by the policy; and involves key stakeholders directly. An inclusive approach may include the following aspects: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults those responsible for service delivery/implementation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consults those at the receiving end or otherwise affected by the policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Carries out an impact assessment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Seeks feedback on policy from recipients and front line deliverers JOINED UP The process takes a holistic view; looking beyond institutional boundaries to the governments strategic objectives and seeks to establish the ethical, moral and legal base for policy. There is consideration of the appropriate management and organisational structures needed to deliver cross-cutting objectives. The following points demonstrate a joined-up approach to policy-making: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cross cutting objectives clearly defined at the outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Joint working arrangements with other departments clearly defined and well understood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Barriers to effective joined up clearly identified with a strategy to overcome them à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Implementation considered part of the policy making process REVIEW Existing/established policy is constantly reviewed to ensure it is really dealing with problems it was designed to solve, taking account of associated effects elsewhere. Aspects of a reviewing approach to policy-making include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ongoing review programme in place with a range of meaningful performance measures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mechanisms to allow service deliverers /customers to provide feedback direct to policy makers set up à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Redundant or failing policies scrapped EVALUATION Systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of policy is built into the policy making process. Approaches to policy making that demonstrate a commitment to evaluation include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clearly defined purpose for the evaluation set at outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Success criteria defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Means of evaluation built into the policy making process from the outset à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of pilots to influence final outcomes LEARNS LESSONS Learns from experience of what works and what does not. A learning approach to policy development includes the following aspects: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Information on lessons learned and good practice disseminated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Account available of what was done by policy-makers as a result of lessons learned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clear distinction drawn between failure of the policy to impact on the problem it was intended to resolve and managerial/operational failures of implementation. Conservative Thatcher Era It can be said that characteristics of the Labour and Conservative party remain constant, wherein there is a greater focus for Conservative government to reduce State dependency and a culture in the view of Thatcherism I think we have gone through a period when too many children and people have been given to understand I have a problem, it is the Governments job to cope with it! or I have a problem, I will go and get a grant to cope with it! I am homeless, the Government must house me! and so they are casting their problems on society and who is society? There is no such thing! There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first. It is our duty to look after ourselves and then also to help look after our neighbour and life is a reciprocal business and people have got the entitlements too much in mind without the obligations. (^  Interview for Womans Own (no such thing as society) with journalist Douglas Keay. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 23  September 1987. Retrieved 10  April 2007.) This ideology is represented with policy changes such as the introduction of poll tax in which everyone was expected to contribute the same amount of tax regardless of income or wealth and is seen as a poverty creating policy. It could be said that the era of Tory power between 1979 and 1997 was a period when actions were being implemented to deal with the crisis of welfare within the UK. It had been suggested that between 1951 and 1979, levels of controversy over anti-poverty policies were, arguably, not particularly high. Conservative ideologists however had much to say about the case for bringing market conditions more effectively to bear on distribution of social services, but only in the housing field had Conservative governments taken steps that represented major responses to this viewpoint. Labour disappointed many of its supporters, who closely identified the party with the advancement of the Welfare State. A succession of economic crises limited the money available for new a nti-poverty polices. Yet both parties, even before the Thatcher government came into power had considerably advanced public expenditure particularly on social policies, to the point where some economists argued that this kind of expenditure had become inflationary force, limiting the scope for new wealth creating private investment. This is a view politicians began to take seriously by the 1970s, with the most staggering growth in seen in public employment and social security transfer payments. Although it is tempting to attribute the change in climate for social policy in the UK to the Conservative led government of 1979, the changes had been gradually emerging before that date, and those changes were rooted as much in economics as in ideology. Keynesian economic management techniques involving manipulation of levels of government expenditure and taxation were employed to try to retain full employment without inflation. This however was not possible with monetarists school of thought being that the government must control the money supply and let economic forces bring the system under control (Friedman, 1962, 1977). The government at the time when Thatcher took office were undoubtedly hostile to state social policy. This hostility was rooted in a commitment to privatization, the curbing of public services and attacking trade unions. The government was untroubled by the evidence that such an approach was generating increased poverty. Despite the aims to control social polic y expenditure, it nevertheless grew as a whole, with spending on the National Health Services and Welfare continually increasing. See Glennerster and Hills (1998) for a detailed analysis of those trends. It was during that era that they changed supplementary benefit which  was a means-tested benefit in the United Kingdom, paid to people on low incomes, whether or not they were classed as unemployed such as pensioners, the sick and single-parents. Introduced in November 1966, it replaced the earlier system of discretionary National Assistance payments and was intended to top-up other benefits, hence its name. It was paid weekly by the  DHSS, through  giro  cheques and  order books, or fortnightly by the Unemployment Benefit Office by giro and cashed at local  post offices. This was subsequently abolished and replaced by income support and housing benefit by the Thatcher government and also signalled the change for the provision of sickness absence for the first 28 weeks from National Insurance to a Statutory Sick Pay scheme run by employers. The 1986 Social Security Act extended the scope for contracting out from the SERP (State Earnings Related Pension Scheme) which is now the basic state pension allowing the growth of private pension plans. The family income supplement was replaced by family credit which went onto evolve into tax credits under the New Labour government. Under the Thatcher government was a total restructure of the benefits system, which included, along the ones mentioned previously that change of unemployment benefit to job seekers allowance to emphasise the behaviour required and make allowance tested means after the first six months. Other changes made by the government at that time included the transformation of the invalidity benefit to incapacity benefit, aiming to force all but severely handicapped, below pension age, to become job seekers. One of the most complex pieces of legislation was the state support for single parent families, which was designed to secure increased contributions from absent parents (normally fathers) through the Child Support Act of 1991. Labour The Blair government when it came to Welfare declared themselves as the government for Welfare Reform with a commitment to a stable public expenditure programme, but the tendency of social security costs to rise regardless of policy change which is a problem also faced by the Thatcher government, which in turn limited New labours room to manoeuvre. Labour saw the solution to this dilemma by increasing employment; the stimulation of labour-market participation by single parents and the disabled as well as the unemployed is central to their social security policy strategy This is seen trough the introduction of working tax credit and their welfare to work programmes for young people under 25. The most significant aim of New Labour was to eradicate child poverty and this was done with schemes such as child tax credit, but possibly the biggest change introduced to tackle poverty was the National Minimum wage, which was transcending and ensured that everyone was entitled to a basic pay regardless of job role and prevented employers from exploiting employees, there has now however been greater argument for the introduction of a living wage, which is something that the present labour party actively support, with current opposition leader Ed Milliband and former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone supporters of a national living wage. It is worth remembering that when Tony Blair came to power in 1997, he claimed that we had reached the limits of the publics willingness simply to fund an unreformed welfare system through ever higher taxes and spending. Urgent welfare reforms, he said, would cut the bills of social failure, releasing money for schools and hospitals. Welfare Reform 2012 The Policy Agenda The main elements of the welfare reform act are The introduction of Universal Credit to provide a single streamlined payment that will improve work incentives A stronger approach to reducing fraud and error with tougher penalties for the most serious offences A new claimant commitment showing clearly what is expected of claimants while giving protection to those with the greatest needs Reforms to Disability Living Allowance, through the introduction of the Personal Independence Payment to meet the needs of disabled people today Creating a fairer approach to Housing Benefit to bring stability to the market and improve incentives to work Driving out abuse of the Social Fund system by giving greater power to local authorities Reforming Employment and Support Allowance to make the benefit fairer and to ensure that help goes to those with the greatest need Changes to support a new system of child support which puts the interest of the child first. This changes signal possibly the hugest shake up to the welfare act in one fell swoop, it can be argued however that New Labour were already implementing changes to reduce the welfare bill, but not in a way as direct as the coalition government, with one of the main focus being to reduce poverty and eradicate child poverty which is something that this essay will touch on further on in the essay. Britain now spends  7.2 per cent of GDP on its welfare system, and the costs of supporting the, supposedly, needy continue to rise.  As the Whitehall empire grows, drowning the noble intentions of welfare in red tape, so too do the number who chose to abuse the system. the turn against welfare is unprecedented. In previous times of austerity, public attitudes have always remained remarkably generous. Even in the straitened late Seventies, for example, seven out of ten people told pollsters they would like to see higher taxes to pay for higher social spending. The truth is that we have reached a watershed. To look after the weak is the first duty of any decent government; to abandon them would be unconscionable. Embarrassingly, Britain now has the highest proportion of working-age people on disability benefit in the developed world. And while just 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent of Japanese people and 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent of Americans live in households where no one works, the figure in Britain is 13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °per cent.   The people who really lose from this, incidentally, are those who are genuinely disabled. They deserve boundless public sympathy; instead, thanks to the abuse of the system, they are too often treated with scepticism. But behind all this lies a deeper issue. Beveridge designed the welfare state for a tightly knit, deeply patriotic and overwhelmingly working-class society, dominated by the nuclear family. Though millions of people had grown up in intense poverty, they were steeped in a culture of working-class respectability and driven by an almost Victorian work ethic. In the world of the narrow terrace back streets, deliberate idleness would have been virtually unthinkable. It could be said that the welfare reform might not necessarily be a change in direction for anti-poverty policies, but a policy implemented to change the mind set of a nation that has transformed from one where people thought about what they could contribute towards their own nation especially at a time of war, to a nation where certain individuals, bearing in mind a small minority of people believe they deserve more from the state without having to earn it. The key factors of welfare reform is universal credit which will be an all encompassing payment that incorporates vast majority of out-of-work and housing benefits that households can receive. Poverty Relative and Absolute Child poverty Prominent reduction target. Major tax benefit reforms benefiting low-income families with children. Working-age poverty Policy focus on worklessness, not poverty in itself. Policies aimed at employment and income at work. Employment Clearest initial priority. Action through New Deals and active policy towards unemployed. Political participation Some aspects of constitutional reform and parts of Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) agenda for neighbourhood renewal. Participation requirements embedded in nearly all policy areas. Targets for volunteering and confidence in institutions. Poor neighbourhoods Major focus of SEU, with ambitious overall target. Policies both area-based and for mainstream services. Children and early years Has moved up the agenda with reviews in 1998 and 2004. Large increase in resources. Older people services and long-term incomes Royal Commission on Long Term Care but divided report and responses in England and Scotland. State Second Pension and Pension Credit reforms. The making of Anti-Poverty Policies Anti poverty policies Tax credits (Child and working tax credits), Child benefit, housing benefit, council tax benefit, income based JSA and ESA (Job seekers allowance and Employment Support Allowance), Income Support, Universal Credit Anti-poverty policy making Joseph Rowntree Foundation Prior to the Welfare Reform act the focus of policies was that the state help its citizens from the cradle to the grave with welfare support polices introduced throughout which coincided with the introduction of the national health service has been the mainstay and direction of a lot of anti-poverty polices that have been introduced in which the state takes care of those unable to take care of themselves. Countless policies have been introduced in that time that have provided assistance to the elderly, disabled, women, children, unemployed and those with long-term sickness are some of the groups that polices introduce since Beveridges report in 1942 have focused on assisting and helping. Although its not a surprise that ever since the coalition came into government, bearing in mind that the party is dominated by the Tories as the majority party, there manifesto ever since 1979 and the era of Thatcherism has always been to reduce the role of the state and give individuals greater pow er and responsibility over their own lives. The question has to whether the welfare reform act 2012 has signalled a change in direction for anti-poverty policies is not a straight forward question, with a straight forward answer, it can be suggested that it is important to look at the changes that have been taking place, with the welfare bill spiralling out of control, which was something noticed by New Labour when they came into power. Conclusion The welfare reform act can be seen as change in direction from the description of a nanny state into state that helps those who want to help themselves

Issues Responsible for Failure of Doha Talks and Possible Solutions.

Title: Issues responsible for failure of Doha talks and possible solutions. Name: Course: Sunderland ID: EThames Students ID: Intake: Introduction: Current Doha round has been one of the most eventful round but its irony that members couldn’t reach to condenses. This research paper concentrates on reasons that caused friction among the nations and possible solutions that can be used to resolve these issues or reasons. Agricultural issues and industrial goods market issues, talks has been suspended without any further notice of next round. At the end all the hard work after years of negotiation wasn’t successful ad differences among the participating nations proved insurmountable. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO, tried really hard for the success of these talks but all the sides didn’t show the flexibility that was required for the success of these talks. Failure of Doha round talks also highlight the lack of global leadership at least in some quarters, and this fact is pretty difficult to perceive and there are various reasons for that. Only bright thing emerged from this summit is the talk only need one final push as finishing line is insight. Lot has been already achieved but critical issues need consensus. Success to these talks can bring much needed global stimulus for global economy of hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Both developed and developing countries can gain something out of it, in fact it is a great opportunity for developed nations to address complaints of developing nations where they feel that economic linearization is highly tilted in favor of developed nations. But failure of these talks can bring some serious consequences; it will seriously damage the reputation of WTO and more importantly multilateralism for which everyone is working hard for will be damaged permanently. Most of the representatives were worried about what could be perceived from their stance i. e. compromising on their stance might appear as compromising on national interest. (Deardorff, 2008) Reasons for failure of Doha round: Failure of Doha round talks have put temporary pause on further negotiations, this is not the first time that talks has been failed and further discussion has been suspended. This has happened before also ministerial talks in Seattle in 1997 and in Cancun in 2003 also have met the dead end though there were different reasons and different out come for each of the failure. Exception in case of Doha round is for the first time talks has been suspended officially. Official announcement of suspension of talks came after 14 hour long last meeting for overcoming farm subsidies and tariff cut of G6 members yielded no result. Members of G6 group came together to come to consensus on support for domestic farms, agricultural market access and non agricultural market access were the core points of the discussion. Agricultural issues and Outcome of G6 meeting: Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO called this meeting as a last attempt for consensus. This meeting had ministers from India, Japan, Australia, Brazil, unites states and 25 members from European Union. Main aim of this meeting was to reduce or remove hurdles in the way of free trade in the agricultural sector and goods manufacturing. There were many other factors that were needed to be addressed but entire discussion revolved round these issues. Each side remained firm on it stance and more emphasis was put on precondition before further negations. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) It was necessary for all the participating nations to meet the deadlines and to achieve that it was necessary to agree on figures and formulae for the tariff cut and subsidy cut in context of industrial goods and agriculture modalities but talk couldn’t move forward in positive direction because irreconcilable differences between participating ministers representing their nations. Failure in the talks was more unfortunate on the background of fresh hopes which were raised in G8 meeting of worlds most powerful and industry oriented nations. Then president of United States and European commission president assured flexibility. Even heads of developing countries like India and Brazil participating in G8 meeting showed their interest in pushing for the breakthrough. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) G6 minister headed for Geneva after St. Petersburg meeting where they were prepared to transform their promises of flexibility into concrete deals. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO convinced these nations to discuss these issues. Lamy was pushing for USA to reduce domestic farm support and European Union for increasing access for domestic agricultural market and at the same time developing nations like India and Brazil will be convince for reducing their industrial tariffs. Problem here was each group was expecting other group to give in first. In these triangle of issues main hurdle in the talks were issues in agricultural sector which has been mentioned above. The third issue of convincing of India and Brazil for reducing their industrial tariffs didn’t even make it to the discussion because there wasn’t any result from the discussion of first two issues. In the negotiations USA and European Union were expected to cut the subsidy they were providing to domestic farms at the same time developed nations were expecting India and Brazil, to open their domestic market for agriculture and agricultural goods. Negotiations had the first jolt when far from removing subsidy to agricultural sector USA proposed to increase it. With this development Lamy realized that there wont be any consensus and gap was widening and thus before situation deteriorates any further he suspended the talks. He didn’t give any indications when next round of negotiation will begin he hinted that instead of deadlocking on same issues again participating countries should carry out their respective work internally regarding these issues and then participate in the discussion. (Chimni, Chantal, Thomas & Trachtman, 2009) Major reasons From above information it is pretty clear that agricultural issues are the main reason for breaking down of talk. Members had heated discussion on this issue and USA offered to cut farm subsidies which proved trade distorting by 53% that is USA proposed to slash the subsidy amount from $48. 2 billion to $22. 5 billion but issue here was this amount of $22. 5 billion was much higher than their last year subsidy, which was $19. 7 billion thus by proposing slash of 53% they were indirectly trying to increase the subsidy on their agricultural sector where all the nations were gathered together to discuss subsidy cut on the agricultural sector by developed nations. This offer from United States didn’t satisfy any of the G6 members as well as any of the diplomatic delegations from other nations. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) To add to it in the exchange United States expected tariff cut from European nations up to 66% where European Union offered 51% increasing from original proposed position of 39% this offer of 51% was quite close to demand of developing nations where they expected tariff cut from European nations up to 51%. But on the contrary USA stated that European nations only were willing for 48% of tariff cut and they were expecting at least of 54%. Both India and Brazil appreciated this movement from European Nations their representatives also suggested that it was approach from united status which blocked the progress of talk and that resulted in suspension of the talks. Other reasons behind failure of talks: Some issues other than agricultural issues also played their part in the failure of the talks in Doha round. The president’s administration in USA was under severe pressure from congress and it had to give in because of pressure of protecting domestic interests. Delegates from Special interest groups such as National Association of Manufacturers and American Farm Bureau from United States were present at the summit they monitored as well as instructed representatives of United States. Pressure applied by these groups reduced space of negotiation for United States delegation. There was deep rooted North South tension it combined with many other adverse factors to undermine success of the talks. (Chimni, Chantal, Thomas & Trachtman, 2009) Many scholars and commentator stated that current situation in major negotiating parties like United States, India and European Union wasn’t quite in the favor of trade concessions; political leadership everywhere was not willing to concede much. Key elections were due in United Status and it was expected that administration won’t go for any risky compromise on their position which might appear as compromise on national interest. To add fuel to the fire economic crisis emerged from Wall Street had huge repercussions and it got converted in global slow down. (Deardorff, 2008) There were oppositions for European Union offer of 51% tariff cut from European nations from European Union according to French president Nicolas Sarcozy 51% tariff cut would result in destruction of European agriculture and would reduce more than 100000 jobs. Absence of fast track authority (trade promotion authority) also didn’t go to well with other delegations. Without passing of trade promotion authority it wouldn’t have been possible to get passing of congress even if participating nations would have managed to reach some kind of consensus. After effects of talk failure: India, Brazil, Japan, Australia, USA and European were involved in 14 hours long meeting to make consensus but unfortunately the meeting ended without any results on lowering tariff and slashing farm subsidies. This failure in talks gave birth to inhibited blame game in the participating countries. EU Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson said that â€Å"What they’re saying is that for every dollar that they strip out of their trade-distorting farm subsidies, they want to be given a dollar’s worth of market access in developing country markets. That is not acceptable to developing countries and it’s a principle that I, on Europe’s behalf, certainly couldn’t sign up to either. This is not my definition of leadership† In reply to this statement from EU Trade Commissioner, Susan Schwab from USTR alleged that statement by the EU alleging that the US failed to show flexibility and attempting to divert the blame for the stalemate is false and misleading. The countries that have tended to be finger-pointing at this point are the ones that are reluctant to act in terms of market access. We are deeply disappointed that the EU failed to exhibit similar restraint and hope this will not jeopardize the few chances we have left to save the Doha round. † EU and US kept pointing fingers at each other after suspension of Doha round each party blaming other party for failure of Doha round. As usual India also blamed developed nations for not removing subsidies those were proved a trade distorting. India’s industry and commerce minister Kamal Nath said that â€Å"It is best we tell the world that the talks have failed, and the negotiating process is suspended. Now, there is no roadmap for the future,† according to him United State’s approach of refusing to cut subsidy regarding agricultural sector has been solely responsible for failure of talks at Doha summit. European Union also openly blamed Unites status for suspension of negotiation. EU Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson stated that it was disappointing to see lack of flexibility in USA’s approach after promising the same in G8 summit. To take the blame game further US officials blamed other trading partners for failure of process to bridge the differences on other important issues such as import duties on tariff related to agricultural sector. US officials further alleged that they were prepared to remove subsidies related to agricultural sector those were proved a trade distorting but they could not do so because India and European Union did not present any substantial proposal on global agricultural market access. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO preferred to stay away from the blame game; he was more intended on how to resume talks. Lamy urged all the participating nations to avoid megaphone diplomacy and do some introspection in order to avoid such situation in the future. Lamy also requested all participating nations to think positively to arrive at any acceptable solution. Chances of resolving the differences: Doha round has been disappointing and talks has been moved to deep freezing state since then. There is very little positivity around these talks very few people are still in belief of revival, though Brazil and United States have promised to work hard in positive direction for revival f the talks chances are looking really thin about it. Most experts believed that there are little hopes for revival of talks ahead of Doha round. Breakdown at that juncture meant that there is very little hope for revival of talk before end of presidency tenure of then president of United States. As mentioned above, fast track authority or trade promotion authority thinks that congress must show green or red signal otherwise opponent might take advantage of such situation. Political climate in United States during that time was not very conducive for any compromise because of mid term elections current trade deficit in US economy also played negative role extension of fast track authority and even if it would have happened, in case of opposition win in the election would lead to weakening of fast track authority. Hoekman, 2003) It is believed that France who is strongly opposing for 51% tariff cut in agricultural sector has forced Lamy to suspend the talks indefinitely. In fact many say that France made it sure that talks get suspended that if discussion is highly concentrated on agricultural issues. Wall street journal quotes French agricultural minister saying that â€Å"I would prefer the negotiations fail rather than raise questions about agriculture†. Because of t his situation promises by USA and Brazil of reviving talks appear unrealistic. Successful round and preconditions: Political capitals should be mobilized in order to have any hope for success in breaking the deadlock this has to be done domestically as well as internationally. This will require monumental leadership globally. With new president United State certainly has position to do this. Morally also United State has to take responsibility because they are the most influential and powerful nation in the world to add to it they are responsible for current economic crisis. Other major trading nations like Canada, Japan and European nations also should join United States in these initiatives of bold economic reforms and liberalization. Meaning of economic liberalization itself is to save public money and removing of wasteful economic programs. It is true that current financial status of United Status might complicate things for that country still United States can afford to act little proactively. Road ahead: There is growing concern about global economic recession and it’s after effects and because of mounting fear world leaders are requesting businesses to consult their respective governments, to think successful solution regarding failure of talks in Doha because if that doesn’t happen there is constant risk of developing other barriers in world trade. Peter Mandelson feels that it better to act quickly and it consensus are not reached immediately, chances are pretty slim that it will be done in future. Trade talks were working on stop start basis from last six years but after Doha talks are on halt. A constructive seminar was held at Davos where subject was â€Å"Threats to the Global Trading System† some progress was registered on some technical issues in this summit but no party still is close enough for any sort of formal agreement because of high degree of skepticism. Developing countries are concerned about interests of their farmers; they feel that lowering the tariff might expose farmers especially poor farmers to global competition for which they might not be prepared for, and this situation will have its adverse effects on growth and will result in slowdown of entire economy. Minister of Commerce and Industry of India Kamal Nath insisted that India, Africa and Asia pacific are the most productive markets for developed nations and if they want to take advantage of these markets it has to be made sure that India, Africa and Asia pacific have healthy economy. Deardorff, 2008) At the same time financial scholars feel that cost of failure of Doha talks is already taking its toll on participating nations and if solution is not obtained in near future most of the countries might opt for protectionism and this will be bad news for free trade as it will be the roll back what ever progress that has bee made in the direction of free global trade. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO has mentioned his concern may time according to him effects of global economic slow down might be having their exaggerated side effects on global economy due to Doha failure. Minister of foreign affairs in Brazil Celso Amorim is also worried about current situation he feels that though all the negotiating parties are adamant on their position they all have to face the consequences in near future for their stance. (Das, 2009) Because of increasing delay companies are loosing their faith in negotiators and voters though they have lot more o gain from what ever negotiations carried out at Doha though lot more still left to be achieved and because of this companies and powerful and influential corporate houses all over the world should consider the fact that stalling of talks will result in loss of opportunities for them thus as mentioned above they should use their might to convince their respective government and if they succeed to do so, it will be a terrific achievement. Conclusion: The longest trade round ever was held in Doha. It could have been termed as constitutional moment for trading systems across the world. Structure of trade between the member nations is largely dependent on future of Doha talks how it ends and what shape does it take. Having said this, this round will exist without any positive response or developmental challenges. For Doha to succeed and for better future for WTO in the context of its credibility it is important that focus of the talks shifts from mere commercial bargain that is controlled by major negotiating parties to a process of public interests who’s success will be beneficial for all. Commercial bargains of the member nations of WTO have been primarily responsible for jeopardizing of the talks. Although some members think for alternative way for controversial points they won’t be as productive as successful Doha round nor do they will be able to survey larger public good. For dispassionate involvement in the negotiations highlights lack of leadership from USA. It is responsibility of trading partners of United States be its developing or developed nation to prevent that nation from becoming a stumbling block in the talks. At the end of the day it must be remembered that world in which every one has enough food to eat and good enough work to do; only such world can derive peace and security for global citizens which can be provided by successful trade. References: Deardorff, A. , 2008 â€Å"International Provision of Trade Services, Trade and Fragmentation. † Review of International Economics, Vol 9 No. 2. pp. 233-48. The Economist, 2003 â€Å"The WTO Under Fire. † September 18 Available on the Internet at http://www. economist. com. /PrinterFriendly. cfm? Story_ID=2071855 Hoekman, B. 2003. Cancun: Crisis or Catharsis†. Paper presented at the joint roundtable of the Brookings Institution and George Washington University held on 20 September, in Washington DC. Pr Jagdish Bhagwati and Peter Sutherland KCMG, (January 2011) THE DOHA ROUND: SETTING A DEADLINE, DEFINING A FINAL DEAL Interim report B. S. Chimni, Chantal Thomas & Joel P. Trachtman eds. , (2009 ) Some Reflections on the Idea of Free Trade and Doha Round Trade Negotiations, in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE WTO LEGAL SYSTEM 21, at 27–28 A key year ahead for Doha trade talks, available at: http://www. weforum. rg/node/65945 Accessed on: 9-7-11 DAS, supra note 151, at 105. There is also a collective benefit from trade liberalization: developing countries should open their markets among one another to fully achieve â€Å"export-market diversification. † Id. at 106. Dilip K. Das. 2009a. ,Financial Globalization and the Emerging Market Economies. Routledge, London and New York. 2009. Lamy, P. , 2003 â€Å"Can the Doha Development Agenda Live up to its Name? † Available on the Internet at http://europa. eu. int/comm/commissioners/lamy/speeches_articles/spla188_en. htm September 10, 2008