Levi Strauss Co.s Flirtation with Teams - 3541 Words

Case Study: Levi Strauss Co.s Flirtation with Teams - Chapter 7 Group Name: Group Members: Name ID No. November 9, 2005 1. Discuss the stages of group development and the implementations of them for the development of the teams at Levi Strauss? Generally, five (5) stages of development are experienced by any team implemented to work together. These five stages are identified as Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing and Adjourning. At Levi Strauss Co. Ltd., in going through these stages, it was the team members handling of the inevitable conflicts that developed, which had severe and far-reaching implications for team development at the organization. Team members became frustrated and remained stagnated for long†¦show more content†¦When this failed to materialize, top performers complained of less skilled workers causing a decline in their wages, since workers were rewarded based on total levels of output. The disparity in performance resulted in increased conflict, decreased productivity levels by top performers and reduced employee morale. Reward Allocation Norms determine how rewards could be allocated. The reward system changed from one of equity (the piece-rate system) to equality. The new system allowed each employee an equal reward since teams were remunerated based on the total number of completed garments. The behaviour of top performers became quite aggressive and hostile as their wages declined due to the minimal contribution of their less skilled and slower counterparts. Additionally, top performers reduced their levels of productivity in response to these lower wages. As a result of this new reward system, increased peer pressure aggravated the internal strife at Levi Strauss, ultimately resulting in physical and death threats. 3. Discuss the role dynamics that emerged in the groups. Is there any evidence of role ambiguity or role conflict? Role ambiguity may be defined as a lack of understanding by individual team members regarding the expectations of a particular role. Role conflict is the discrepancy between what a team expects a member to do and what the member thinks he orShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence

Social norms free essay sample

The Social norm I broke was shaking people’s hands. Yes, I know that you are thinking to yourself, this is a social norm; you’re not breaking anything. In today’s society, people don’t shake each other’s hands instead they come up with some other gesture and when your try to shake their hand, they do not know how to do it properly. I was in Union Station for this experiment because I wanted a large sample of the population and for the population to be diverse. My results were interesting, the men would shake my hand more then the women did (I made sure I attempted to shake equal amounts of male and female hands). This was interesting because I raised some questions like: maybe the women did not shake my hand because they felt threatened or they were busy or they did not know how to react and this goes for the men as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Social norms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I was attempting to shake the person’s hand, they all appeared to be very perplexed and leery about the situation. I had to feel comfortable throughout the entire process because I could not give any clues away that I truly did not know them. I felt perfectly comfortable in the situation and approached every person as if I knew him or her personally. I thought this would help the results in favor of the person shaking my hand and people are more likely to engage in a person that they know. Finally, I decided to conduct the experiment again except I wore a suit and tie instead of sweatpants and a hoodie (clothes of a typical college kid). The reason I did this was to see if the results changed and they did. The amount of handshakes went up about 15% and the responsiveness was far greater, even if the person did not shake my hand they acknowledged my presence and appeared to be less leery. I would love to share more with you if you wish.

The Overhead Absorption Rate Accounting Essay Example For Students

The Overhead Absorption Rate Accounting Essay The last 20 old ages has been brought up a new type of accounting system, the activity based costing, and from twelvemonth to twelvemonth is being accepted by more concerns internationally, but some companies have non alter their cost accounting systems and they utilizing that which developed many old ages ago. Activity based costing is modern bing method and is used as planning and control tool and identifies the relationship between costs, activities and goods, more accurately than traditional costing methods. We will write a custom essay on The Overhead Absorption Rate Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Traditional costing method is overhead soaking up rate where incorporating all fabrication costs incurred to bring forth those merchandises, evaluate or valuing a concern s entire stock. Outline1 Definition2 Concepts3 Advantages4 Disadvantages5 Overhead Absorption Rate6 Definition7 Concepts8 Advantages A ; Disadvantages9 Example10 Decision Definition Activity Based Costing is a modern costing method where costs are owed to merchandises and services and it is by and large used as planning and control tool. It was developed as an estimate to work out the jobs related with traditional cost direction systems, which are likely to hold the inability to exactly set up the production and service costs, or afford helpful information for operating determinations. Directors with these scarcenesss can be exposed to do determinations based on inexact informations. Activity Based Costing allows directors to impute cost to activities and merchandises more precise than traditional cost accounting methods. Furthermore, merely activity costs are recognised, the cost of each activity is ascribed to each merchandise to the extent that the merchandise or service uses the activity. Activity Based Costing enables directors to acknowledge high operating expense costs per unit and happening ways to cut down the costs. Besides can give elaborate information to back up one-year budgets and specify client profitableness. It besides direction can see how public presentation can be maximised and apprehend growing schemes. However, in using activity based costing, where the client demands that the costs are linked with the services, it revealed that the biggest disbursals are driven by the profitable client. It is important to obtain that by identified costs drivers ; the activities are estimable and pertinent. The activity has direct and indirect relationship to the cost of making concern and the part attributable to the activities consumed are allot to each client. Concepts Activity based costing system is based on premiss that activities make a merchandise and besides has been developed late to overmaster the drawbacks of traditional costing system which suffers from certain drawbacks. Based on the activity needed for bring forthing an point, activity based costing is the intent of the point cost. To bring forth a merchandise or the cost consume for service, required some activities. From the disbursals consumed by all those activities which implemented for the devising of finished goods and sale, the consequence is that is really of import. Some research surveies showed that the use of activity based bing on operating expenses distribution and allotment for merchandise cost is lifting. Activity based bing based on cost driver which needed for bring forthing merchandises or presenting services, determine the merchandise cost. Furthermore, bing of multi-products manufactured by concerns and executing clients orders effectual more the activity based costing. Besides for finding and commanding the operating expense cost, the activity based costing is an effectual direction estimate. By utilizing activity based bing techniques, overhead analysis can be made more accurate for a big scope of goods, for profitableness analysis, for goods bing and for finding and control of the operating expenses suitableness. Advantages Businesss with activity based bing benefits can understand costs and cut downing disbursals. Businesss have to compare the merchandise s monetary value and merchandising record to see if it is deserving to bring forth the point, and one of the benefits of activity based costing is the better analysis of good and bad merchandises. A chief job with some points is overhead costs, but this method shows better those costs and helps to diminish overhead costs. .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 , .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .postImageUrl , .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 , .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32:hover , .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32:visited , .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32:active { border:0!important; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32:active , .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32 .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a224c91c36dfc142c9e31853ab55a32:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rehabilitation of Criminals: A Waste of Time or Wo EssayFurthermore, a more accurate merchandise creative activity cost is another benefit of activity based costing. Analysts through this bing method can number the per-product cost and, therefore, more practical measurings are used for rating. However, concerns before create a merchandise, will analyse overhead costs to happen out if there are adequate available budgets to do the merchandise. Activity based costing as with the per-product monetary value, is able to bring forth a batch of factors that straight influence cost, such as production costs, labour hours and portion supplies. Businesss until the merchandise made, can analyse these factors and happen ways to cut down them to curtail the merchandise s monetary value when production does starts. Finally, concerns after a merchandise is created, analyze the merchandise to happen out if they are doing a net income and do certain that they are non losing money. Besides, better analysis of a merchandise is another benefit of activity based costing, and helps concerns to see if it is deserving to maintain bring forthing the point, because activity based bing method analyze better the merchandise s monetary value and uses a batch of factors when specifying profitableness. Disadvantages Activity based costing system is a strong tool for determination devising and hence, helps directors to pull off overhead and understand profitableness of the points and clients. However, activity based costing has a numerical of drawbacks. These drawbacks are discussed briefly below: Activity based bing most of import disadvantage is that even though activity based costing is a scientific estimate ; the method of executing is complex, clip consuming, and dearly-won. The process of informations entry and informations aggregation demands indispensable resources, and stays dearly-won to keep. Another disadvantage is that studies of activity based bing do non follow to by and large recognized accounting rules ( GAAP ) , and from that, because concerns following activity based bing demand to maintain two cost systems and accounting books, one for interior use and the other for outer studies, filings, and statutory conformity. This is a complicated covering of attempts. Furthermore, a chief disadvantage of activity based costing is that it is non likely to divide some overhead costs such as the main executive s salary on a per-product footing use. Similarly, employees seldom dedicate 100 % of their working hours to productive actions ; and non all productive actions or the process of the concern that increase the value of the merchandise. For illustration, for the clip employee take part in consciousness run, taking to indispensable cost leaks ; the activity based bing method fails to account. There is no important manner to depute such business prolonging costs to merchandises on a commensurate footing, and merchandises and services portion such costs every bit. Finally, vastly attending to detail and command might shadow the larger image or do the concern lose position of strategic aims in a chase for little nest eggs, doing the concern penny wise and lb foolish. For illustration, one distribution channel might place from activity based costing as non-profitable, or an review as non-value adding. To accomplish some other strategic aims, imparting or procedures might be non-remunerative, but placed in the first topographic point. Overhead Absorption Rate Definition Overhead soaking up costing is a traditional costing method by incorporating all fabrication costs incurred to bring forth those merchandises, evaluate or valuing a concern s entire stock. These fabrication costs are the direct stuffs, direct labour, fixed fabricating operating expense and variable fabrication operating expense. Concepts Overhead soaking up rate is the process of administering the operating expense costs by all the goods of a specific section. Besides operating expenses are applied in each production installation. Furthermore, overhead soaking up is the process of determining the entire operating expense costs in each production installation by utilizing overhead rate. Thus the allotment of the operating expense disbursals distributed to a specific section over the units of produced in that section is soaking up of operating expenses. .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba , .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .postImageUrl , .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba , .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba:hover , .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba:visited , .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba:active { border:0!important; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba:active , .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue798ea203b9e9071967b69a113ad23ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Polymorphism in C EssayOverhead soaking up rate should be determined, in order to absorb the operating expenses by each production installation of a specific section. Overhead soaking up rate has two chief methods which are the labour hr rate and the machine hr rate. For the computation of overhead soaking up rate under these two methods the expression is: Labor hr rate = Total Overheads/Total Labor Hours Machine hr rate = Total Overheads/ Total Machine Hours Advantages A ; Disadvantages Overhead soaking up rate has a batch of benefits which are traveling to be discussed below. Identify fixed cost in merchandise cost, as it is appropriate for specifying monetary value of the merchandise. Based on overhead soaking up rate the monetary value obtains that all costs are covered. Overhead soaking up rate will demo the computation of net income correctly that variable costing, where production is done to hold gross revenues in future. Matching costs with gross for a specific accounting period required to follow soaking up bing with accrual and fiting accounting constructs. For stock rating intents and for the intents to fix external studies has been identified the soaking up costing. Absorption bing evades dividing costs into fixed and variable informations. Directors from the allotment of fixed operating expenses mill to cost centres, have been more cognizant and responsible for the cost and services applied to others. Overhead soaking up rate except from benefits has more drawbacks which are: For determination doing soaking up costing is non helpful. It examines fixed fabricating overhead as goods cost which raise the cost of production. This does non assist directors to have particular offers for the goods monetary value. Variable bing method can be work out the managerial jobs which concern to determination devising. Absorption costing is non utile in planning and control of cost and maps, and in repairing the liability for incurrence of costs. Besides for directors it is non practical to be responsible for the costs where they have non control. Some merchandise costs by bring forthing for stock can be removed from the income statement. By raising production, directors can temporarily better profitableness. Example An illustration of a company that used activity based costing is DHL. DHL was formed in 1969 and is the Godhead of the air express industry and specialising in lading and package bringing, and today has the leading in its sector. DHL used activity based bing foremost in 1988 and subsequently in the late 1890ss to shift it as the base for the concern to travel frontward to better the efficiency. A reappraisal of the organisation s largest international client histories is the consequence of that the activity based bing theoretical account Lashkar-e-Taiba costs to go existent. From this reappraisal the company finds out the chief countries for development and led it to better profitableness. The consequence of utilizing activity based costing is that DHL has the footing to dialogue with their whole client base and their client profitableness programme is one of the anchor of the company. DHL created a set of tools, which can happen from this the pricing of international stamps. Besides, they create a costing system which is efficient and trustable and is based around a standard cost theoretical account, which used worldwide to number the profitableness of their clients. Decision As we can see above activity based costing system and by and large modern bing methods are more accurately than traditional costing methods. This explained in the illustration of DHL, where the company used activity based costing in late 1890ss to better their profitableness and they did it successfully.

Mars Rover Space Mission essays

Mars Rover Space Mission essays Robot Cars on Mars: Instruments and Future Advancements For many years scientists that studied the planet mars have tried to make a remote controlled vehicle that could withstand the arrival, landing, and that could gather useful information that could bring us to understand the ways of Mars. Whatever info that was gathered has come from Arial photos and thermal readings. The world has made numerous prototypes of different kinds of vehicles that could travel to the moon, but none of them has come close to the newly built ROVER. The Rover is equipped with several different reading systems that I will explain about. There has also been a lot of myths about mars, like what the face on its surface means, or if theirs life on Mars, and with this device we might just learn a little more about those topics. The overall competition that the rover faces was APEX which only featured one instrument, but the Rover offers six different tools which dig, tell temperature, and if water was once in a certain spot. The detailed descriptions of the tools are as follows. A pancam is the eyes of the operation. The Rover holds two of these high-resolution, digital cameras on its mast. It has a panoramic 3-D view of mars with unbelievable resolution. It beats the cameras on the pathfinder about 4 times with its resolution. These cameras offer the best look at mars yet. Scientists will see not only where certain Martian surface features around the Lander are located, but also which features warrant further investigation. Pancam imaging can tell the story of Martian rock distribution, dunes, and maybe ancient waterways. Imaging at different wavelengths can even tell about the mineralogical make-up of the Martian surface it pictures. The next instrument is the Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer or (Mini-TES). This operation works when the Mini-TES observes the infrared (or thermal) radiation emitted by rocks and soils. Most minerals have their...

The New SAT What You Need to Know

The New SAT What You Need to Know The New SAT: What You Need to Know Originally called the â€Å"Scholastic Aptitude Test,† the SAT is a standardized test used for college admissions in the US. Understanding the SAT is therefore essential for anyone looking to enroll at a US college. However, starting this month (or May 2016 for international students), the SAT has changed. And if you’re thinking of applying to college this year, you’ll need to know the difference. Main Changes In terms of structure, the new SAT still focuses on math and English skills, but with an ‘evidence-based reading and writing’ section replacing the separate writing and critical reading components of the old test. The essay component is now also optional and scored separately, rather than compulsory. Old SAT New SAT 1. Critical reading 2. Writing 3. Math 4. Essay 1. Evidence-based reading and writing 2. Math 3. Essay (optional) On top of these structural differences, some of the main changes include: Scores will now be given on a 1600 point scale (800 for math; 800 for reading/writing) instead of the old 2400 point scale Incorrect answers will no longer be penalized on multiple-choice questions Less focus on obscure vocabulary, more on understanding words in context and evidence-based reasoning Math component now only permits use of a calculator on some sections Preparing for the New SAT Since this new SAT differs significantly from the old one, it’s vital to prepare accordingly. This might involve: Learning the New Test Format The simplest and most important thing you can do before sitting the new SAT is learning exactly how it has changed; knowing the general structure and format of the SAT will allow you to focus your revision and ensures you won’t be surprised when the test day arrives. Honing Your Critical Reading The new SAT focuses more on evidencing your claims, critical analysis and understanding information in context (rather than answering sentence completion questions). This makes it essential to work on your reading skills as well as your vocabulary. Taking a Practice Test As ever with exams, the best way to prepare is taking a practice paper. For the new test, your best option is the Khan Academy Official SAT Practice site.

Cases in international marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cases in international marketing - Essay Example The Multinationals have gained a huge market and a large number of new consumers, but have not been able to realize the full potential of their investments in China. They have benefited from cheap imports but have not been able to sell their own products for equal value or quantity and have ended in a trade deficit with their Chinese counterparts. However the Chinese too need the world markets as much as the world needs them and in this quid-pro-quo there is still a silver lining and by understanding and segmenting the market properly, lost ground can be recovered. Ever since the Chinese came out of their Walled existence and opened themselves to the International communities, they have become the focus of the whole world. Having the largest population on Earth opened up a marketing opportunity that was beyond comprehension to most conglomerates. Added to that the purchasing power dazzled one and all and Multinationals of all hues went headlong to get a piece of the action. Liberalization of the economy and a bent towards industrialization in a hurry offered huge opportunities for expansion. As of now as many as 320,000 foreign ventures have come up on mainland China, and they are growing by the day. China is the second largest recipient of Foreign Direct Investments that have crossed 400 billion dollars. Investments have come in from all quarters of the world, mainly from the USA. China does offer great marketing opportunities due to its huge population and capabilities. It has abundant cheap labour, a good infrastructure and liberal open market policies that are loved by the Multinationals. There are huge opportunities in manufacturing. Labour intensive industries thrive well due to very high productivity level of the workers and vigilant government machinery that still keeps them in line with their firm labour laws. Liberalization has created more job opportunities and the growing population is easily absorbed in industrial activities. To promote these

Is Performance Related Pay a Proven Path to Improving Employee Essay

Is Performance Related Pay a Proven Path to Improving Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction - Essay Example Based on this research performance related pay pertains to such a system that relates the rewards extended to an employee to the overall performance of the organization in which that employee serves. The purpose of performance related pays is to motivate the employees. The other big objective behind the performance related pay is to synchronize and align the performance of the employees to the overall aims and objectives of the organization in which they work. Though, the performance related pay is mostly financial, but sometimes it could also happen to be non-financial. The payments made under performance related pay schemes are usually in addition to the actual pay that an employee gets. This makes the employees appreciate the fact that the rewards one gets for ones performance are not invariable and rather tend to be variable and separate. Many a times the augmentation in an employee’s annual basic salary could also happen to be related to one’s performance. Performa nce related pay helps the organizations retain the employees who have attained the top rank in relation to their pay scale and are still accruing an outstanding performance. In the present context, when the organizations are getting much flatter, the organizations are bound to abound in the employees who come under this category. Further, the opportunities for extending promotions in the flatter organizations happen to be much less as compared to the multi layered organizations of the past. Hence, the performance related pay is one viable method of improving employee performance and extending job satisfaction. Common Types of Performance Pay Over the last two decades, there has been a considerable rise in the performance related pay systems (Beardwell 1996, p. 148). Though the performance related pay system was more common in the private sector, there is no denying the fact that many public sector organizations are also evincing a gradual shift towards performance related pay system s (Beardwell 1996, p. 148). The best thing about performance related pay systems is that they link the payments made to the employees, to the group, individual or organizational performance (White & Druker 2000). The organizations resort to a wide array of performance pay systems, yet, the primary assumption behind all such systems is that the opportunity to get an enhanced pay will motivate the employees to work better and will positively impact their productivity (White & Druker 2000). Piecework is the oldest form of performance pay system which links the payment made to an employee to the units of output produced by one (Bassett 1993, p. 3). This motivates the employee to work harder and better, as the production of optimal number of high quality productivity units is bound to be reflected in one’s pay slip. A payment by results is one other major performance pay system, where the